Пункт 14: Правила игры — Warface

«14 пунктов» Вильсона — «14 пунктов» Вильсона — 1918. Победа Антанты над Германией и ее союзниками — Документы и исследования

История дипломатии. Т. 3. / Под ред. А. А. Громыко и др.— 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. — М.: Политиздат, 1965., стр. 112—115

Глава 4. Победа Антанты над Германией и ее союзниками (акад. Минц И. И.) (стр. 107—119)

Приближение краха германского блока. Германский империализм продолжает агрессию. Предложение Австро-Венгрией мира. Выход Болгарии из войны. «14 пунктов» Вильсона. Просьба Германии о перемирии. Капитуляция Австро-Венгрии и Турции. Предварительные переговоры о перемирии. Компьенское перемирие.

«14 пунктов» Вильсона (стр. 112—115)

Крупнейшим маневром дипломатии Антанты в завершающий период войны явились «14 пунктов» Вильсона, изложенные в его речи 8 января 1918 г. Пункты эти были таковы: [стр. 112]

1. Открытые мирные договоры, открыто обсужденные, после которых не будет никаких тайных международных соглашений какого-либо рода, а дипломатия будет действовать откровенно и на виду у всех.

2. Абсолютная свобода торгового мореплавания в мирное и военное время.

3. Уничтожение препятствий для международной торговли.

4. Справедливые гарантии того, что национальные вооружения будут сокращены до предельного минимума, совместимого с государственной безопасностью.

5. Свободное, чистосердечное и абсолютно беспристрастное разрешение всех колониальных споров, основанное на строгом соблюдении принципа, что при разрешении всех вопросов, касающихся суверенитета, интересы населения должны иметь одинаковый вес по сравнению со справедливыми требованиями того правительства, права которого должны быть определены.

6. Освобождение Германией всех оккупированных ею территорий. Урегулирование всех затрагивающих Россию вопросов, которое обеспечит России «самое полное и свободное сотрудничество других наций в предоставлении ей беспрепятственной и ничем не стесненной возможности принять независимое решение относительно ее собственного политического развития и ее национальной политики…»

7. Освобождение и восстановление Бельгии.

8. Возвращение Франции Эльзас-Лотарингии; очищение и восстановление оккупированных французских областей.

9. Исправление границ Италии на основе ясно различимых национальных границ.

10. Автономия народов, входящих в состав Австро-Венгрии.

11. Эвакуация германских войск из Румынии, Сербии и Черногории; обеспечение Сербии свободного и надежного доступа к морю.

12. Автономия народам, населяющим Турцию; открытие Дарданелл для судов всех стран.

13. Создание независимой Польши с выходом к морю и присоединение к Польше территорий, населенных поляками.

14. Должен быть создан союз наций на основе особых статутов в целях создания взаимной гарантии политической независимости и территориальной целостности как больших, так и малых государств.

Вильсон выступил со своей «программой мира» как раз в тот момент, когда в Советской России началась публикация тайных договоров. Государственным деятелям Европы и США приходилось задуматься, как нейтрализовать впечатление, созданное первыми же актами революционной дипломатии Советской власти. Программа Вильсона была противопоставлена Декрету о мире, требованию большевиков о заключении мира без аннексий и контрибуций.

Вся мировая пресса и особенно газеты II Интернационала наперебой превозносили «демократический» характер вильсоновских пунктов. Но сам Вильсон признавал, что его программа выдвинута в противовес советским мирным предложениям. «Яд большевизма, — говорил он, — только потому получил такое распространение, что являлся протестом против системы, управляющей миром. Теперь очередь за нами, мы должны отстоять на мирной конференции новый порядок, если можно — добром, если потребуется — злом!» 1.

1. С. Бекер. Вудро Вильсон. Мировая война. Версальский мир. М. — Пг., 1923, стр. 121—192.

«14 пунктов» Вильсона по существу являлись прикрытой лицемерными фразами экспансионистской программой американского империализма. Претензии США, обогатившихся в годы войны, на захват [стр. 113] мировых рынков формулировались в требованиях абсолютной свободы торгового мореплавания и уничтожения препятствий для международной торговли.

«Демократический» камуфляж положений Вильсона был очень прозрачен. Первый пункт явно метил в договоры, заключенные между Англией и Францией, о разделе будущей добычи без участия США. Лозунг «свободы морей» открыто был направлен против гегемонии Англии, в защиту притязаний США на главенство в мировой торговле. Ту же цель преследовал и третий пункт.

Пунктом шестым Вильсон пытался демагогически прикрыть антисоветскую политику правящих кругов США. Пункты шестой, седьмой и восьмой, содержавшие требование, чтобы Германия очистила все захваченные территории, отнюдь не подкреплялись обещанием освободить области, захваченные самой Антантой у Германии или у Турции.

Напыщенный лозунг о создании Лиги наций как средства против войн был особенно горячо подхвачен буржуазной пацифистской прессой. Но в том виде, как мыслилась империалистам Лига наций, она не достигала своей цели — быть барьером против новых войн. Заметим, что идея Лиги наций была выдвинута в Англии во время войны. Видным ее пропагандистом был лорд Сесиль, для которого прототипом Лиги наций являлся реакционный институт — Священный союз, созданный на Венском конгрессе.

«В настоящее время все уже забыли, — писал лорд Сесиль полковнику Хаузу 3 сентября 1917 г., — что Священный союз имел своей первоначальной целью сохранение мира. К несчастью, в дальнейшем он выродился в союз тиранов… Подобная опасность, быть может, ныне и не очень велика, но пример этот свидетельствует о том, как легко самые благонамеренные проекты могут потерпеть неудачу» 2.

2. «The intimate papers of Colonel House», vol. IV, p. 7.

Инициаторы Лиги наций и не скрывали, что Лига наций, подобно Священному союзу, должна стать стражем той системы, которая сложится по окончании войны.

Когда явственно обозначались признаки победы Антанты, Вильсон начал расшифровывать свои туманные пункты. 27 сентября 1918 г. он выступил в Нью-Йорке с дополнительными комментариями к «14 пунктам». Он говорил о том, что правительство Германии не соблюдает никаких договоров и не признает ничего, кроме силы и своих собственных интересов. «Германский народ, — подчеркивал президент, — должен теперь наконец понять, что мы не можем верить ни одному слову тех, кто навязал нам эту войну» 3.

3. Д. Ллойд Джордж. Военные мемуары, т. VI. М., 1937, стр. 134.

В «комментариях» расшифрован был и пункт шестой, относившийся к России. Вот суть этой расшифровки. Все белогвардейские правительства, захватившие с помощью иностранных империалистов ту или другую часть территории России, должны получить признание и помощь от Антанты; Кавказ рассматривался как часть проблемы Турецкой империи, т. е. отрывался от России; Среднюю Азию предполагалось отдать под протекторат какой-либо из империалистических стран; в Великороссии и Сибири признавалось необходимым создать новое правительство 4. Таким образом, пункт о «самом полном и свободном сотрудничестве» с Россией открыто разъяснен был как самое полное расчленение России и ликвидация Советской власти. Президент Вильсон сам участвовал в составлении «комментариев» и одобрил их в телеграмме Хаузу 30 октября 1918 г. Документ был сообщен главам правительств Англии, [стр. 114] Франции, Италии и лежал перед ними на столе мирной конференции в Париже 5.

4. См. «Архив полковника Хауза», т. IV. М., 1944, стр. 152—153.

5. Там же, стр. 119.

Все содержание «комментариев» говорит о том, что американский президент пытался захватить в свои руки дипломатическую инициативу международных переговоров и намекал немецким империалистам, куда им следует обратиться с просьбой о мире. США не случайно брали на себя инициативу переговоров с Германией: они были к концу войны самым сильным империалистическим государством, их роль в политике блока Антанты быстро возрастала. [стр. 115]

90000 Fourteen Points | Text & Significance 90001 90002 Examine how Allied powers dismembered the Central Powers in World War I treaty but failed to prevent World War II 90003 U.S. President Woodrow Wilson was among the statesmen who gathered in France in June 1919 to sign the Treaty of Versailles, an agreement that did little to heal the wounds of World War I and set the stage for World War II. From «The Second World War: Prelude to Conflict» (1963), a documentary by Encyclopædia Britannica Educational Corporation.90004 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 90005 See all videos for this article 90006 90002 Fourteen Points 90003, (January 8, 1918), declaration by U.S. Pres. Woodrow Wilson during World War I outlining his proposals for a postwar peace settlement. 90009 90002 Woodrow Wilson 90003 Woodrow Wilson. 90004 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 90005 90006 Top Questions 90009 90016 What were the Fourteen Points? 90017 90006 The Fourteen Points were a proposal made by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in a speech before Congress on January 8, 1918 року, outlining his vision for ending World War I in a way that would prevent such a conflagration from occurring again.They also were intended to keep Russia fighting on the Allied side, to boost Allied morale, and to undermine the Central Powers. 90009 90020 How did the Fourteen Points seek to change the world? 90017 90006 While half of the Fourteen Points addressed specific territorial issues between the combatant countries, the remainder were a vision for peace. They prescribed a program of transparency in international relations, free trade, freedom of the seas, reductions in armaments, national self-determination, and adjustment of colonial claims that gave equal weight to the peoples of the colonized countries.Most important, they envisioned an international organization to guarantee the independence and territorial integrity of all member countries. 90009 90024 How important were the Fourteen Points? 90017 90006 In October 1918 Germany requested an armistice based on the Fourteen Points. Though the Armistice and Treaty of Versailles did not adhere to the idealistic Fourteen Points and World War II soon followed, those principles influenced the later world order. They informed all the decolonization movements and set a new standard of national identity.The idea of ​​the League of Nations was the seed that led to the creation of the United Nations. 90009 90028 Why did the Fourteen Points fail? 90017 90006 In negotiating the Treaty of Versailles, the representatives of Britain, France, and Italy wanted to strengthen their own positions and felt it necessary to leave Germany too weak to start another war. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson accepted almost any compromise of the Fourteen Points as long as the treaty provided for the League of Nations. Many in the U.S. Senate thought joining that organization would sacrifice national sovereignty, so the body voted down the treaty. 90009 90006 On January 8, 1918 року, President Wilson, in his address to a joint session of the United States Congress, formulated under 14 separate heads his ideas of the essential nature of a post-World War I settlement. The text of the Fourteen Points is as follows: 90009 90006 1. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.90009 90006 2. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. 90009 Get exclusive access to content from our тисяча сімсот шістьдесят вісім First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today 90006 3. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.90009 90006 4. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. 90009 90006 5. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. 90009 90006 6.The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest coöperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire.The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. 90009 90006 7. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another.Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired. 90009 90006 8. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in тисячі вісімсот сімдесят одна in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted , in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. 90009 90006 9. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.90009 90006 10. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development. 90009 90006 11. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into.90009 90006 12. The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. 90009 90006 13. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant .90009 90006 14. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. 90009 90006 On October 3-4, 1918 року, Prince Maximilian of Baden, the German imperial chancellor, sent a note, via Switzerland, to President Wilson, requesting an immediate armistice and the opening of peace negotiations on the basis of the Fourteen Points. Germans would later argue a «betrayal» when faced by the harsher terms of the Armistice and the Treaty of Versailles.90009.90000 US History for Kids *** 90001 90002 90003 90004 90005 90006 90007 90008 Who was the Author of the Fourteen Points? 90009 The author of the Fourteen points was President Woodrow Wilson with a significant contribution by Walter Lippmann (1889 1974) and ‘Colonel’ Edward House (1858 1938) together with input from a study group of academics called «The Inquiry». Walter Lippmann was a noted journalist and author who also acted as an adviser to President Woodrow Wilson during WW1. Edward House was an American diplomat and a powerful politician who also acted as a WW1 presidential advisor.Walter Lippmann and Edward House assisted in the drafting of post-World War I settlement plan which became known as Wilson’s 14 Points speech. Contributions to the Fourteen points were also made by «The Inquiry» which was established in September 1917 by President Wilson to prepare materials for the peace negotiations in World War I. 90010 90008 The Fourteen Points Speech 90009 The Fourteen Points speech was made to a joint session of the US Congress on January 8, 1918. The Fourteen Points speech set out peace proposals under fourteen separate headings that described the essential elements for a peaceful settlement of WW1.The 14 Points declared by President Woodrow Wilson essentially established the conditions for the WW1 Armistice that had brought an end to WWI. 90010 90008 What was the Goal of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points? 90009 The goals of Woodrow Wilson’s fourteen points speech were: 90010 90008 ● To act as blueprint for world peace 90009 ● To be used for peace negotiations after World War One 90009 ● To generate momentum for ending the war 90009 ● To generate support for Wilsons policy and vision of the post-war world at home and abroad 90009 ● To prevent the re-occurrence of the reasons that had led to the Outbreak and Causes of WW1 90010 90008 Fourteen Points Explained: Summary of the 14 Points 90009 The Fourteen Points were based on «the principle of justice to all peoples and nationalities».In the first five points (1-5), President Wilson proposed to eliminate the general causes of the war through disarmament, free trade, freedom of the seas, impartial adjustment of colonial claims, and the adoption of open diplomacy in Europe instead of secret agreements. The next eight points (6-13) Wilson addressed the 90009 right of self-determination to «freely to determine, without external interference, their political status and to pursue their economic, social and cultural systems, without interference in any form by another State «.Points 6-13 also required the Central Powers to evacuate all of the countries invaded during the war, including France, Russia and Belgium. Point 14 called for the creation of a general association of nations known as the League of Nations. 90010 90008 Fourteen Points: The League of Nations 90009 The Fourteen Points speech called for the creation of a general association of nations known as the League of Nations. The purpose of the League of Nations was to ensure that the Leagues member nations would help preserve peace and prevent future wars by pledging to protect and respect each others territory and political independence.90010 90008 What were the Fourteen Points? The Fourteen Points Simplified for kids 90009 What were the Fourteen Points? The following table contains facts providing a simplified summary of the Fourteen Points. 90010 90033 Fourteen Points Summary for kids 90010 90035 Point 1: Public diplomatic negations with more secret agreements or secret treaties 90010 Point 2: Freedom of navigation on all seas. 90035 Point 3: Free trade among nations and an end to all economic barriers between countries 90010 Point 4: Countries to reduce armaments and weapons to a level required for public safety.90035 Point 5: Fair and impartial decisions for the resolution of colonial claims 90010 Point 6: Restoration of Russia territories and freedom to establish and develop its own political system 90035 Point 7: Preservation of the sovereignty of Belgium and that it should be independent as before the war. 90010 Point 8: France should be fully liberated, its territory restored and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine 90035 Point 9: All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy and Italy’s borders to be «along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.»90010 Point 10: Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary. 90035 Point 11: Self-determination and guarantees of independence for the Balkan states and its borders re-drawn. 90010 Point 12: Self-determination for the Turkish people and for Non-Turks under Turkish rule 90035 Point 13: An independent Polish nation should be created which should have access to the sea. 90010 Point 14: A League of Nations should be created to guarantee the political and territorial independence of all states.90033 Fourteen Points Summary for kids 90010 90008 Fourteen Points vs Treaty of Versailles 90009 The Treaty of Versailles was signed in the Palace of Versailles in France on June 28, 1919. However, prior to the Treaty, after the fighting had stopped, a peace conference had begun in Paris in January 1 919 with Britain, France, Italy and the USA dominating the conference. 90010 Fourteen Points vs Treaty of Versailles for kids 90008 ● Germany was not invited to attend the peace conference and were not allowed to contribute to the negotiations.90009 ● The Germans, like the Americans, assumed that the Fourteen Points plan would form the basis of the peace treaty. 90009 ● It soon became very apparent that Britain, France and Italy wanted to punish and take revenge on Germany and regain what they had lost in the war. 90009 ● The content of the Fourteen Points were twisted to ensure that Germany was punished. The Treaty of Versailles addressed the subjects of Military and Territory changes, but with a totally different objective to the Fourteen Points.90009 ● Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles Germany had to accept responsibility for the war which gave the right to confiscate German land, and to make massive cuts in the German army, navy and air force. 90009 ● The terms of the Treaty of Versailles also addressed War-Guilt provisions and demanded massive amounts of money (called Reparations) as compensation for the Great War. 90010 90008 Fourteen Points: Which of the 14 points were included in the Treaty of Versailles? 90009 The Treaty of Versailles was signed in the Palace of Versailles in France on June 28, 1919.Which of Wilson’s 14 points were included in the Treaty of Versailles? Perhaps the question should be «Which of the 14 points were not included in the Treaty of Versailles?» When the Allies met in Versailles to formulate the treaty to end WWI with Germany most of President Wilsons 14 Points were scuttled and ruined by the leaders of England and France. 90010 90033 Which of the 14 points were included in the Treaty of Versailles? 90010 90033 The Fourteen Points: The Treaty of Versailles 90010 90035 Point 4: Countries to reduce armaments and weapons: The Treaty of Versailles limited the German navy to 15,000 men 90010 Point 5: Resolution of colonial claims: The Treaty of Versailles required Germany to surrender the control of all colonies to the League of Nations 90035 Point 7 and 8: Preservation of the sovereignty of Belgium and restoration to France’s territory: The Treaty of Versailles required Germany to cede land to Belgium, France, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Denmark 90010 Point 14 : Creation of the League of Nations: The League of Nations was created but the Treaty of Versailles did not allow Germany to join it.90033 Which of the 14 points were included in the Treaty of Versailles? 90010 90008 Fourteen Points for kids: Why was President Wilson disappointed with the Treaty of Versailles? 90009 President Wilson was disappointed with the Treaty of Versailles because it made a mockery of his Fourteen Points Plan. Wilson’s idea of ​​peace did not include punishing or exacting revenge on Germany. President Wilson wanted all countries to participate in an arms reduction program, while the treaty required that only Germany’s military was restricted, leaving them with almost no defense forces of their own.Wilson had wanted colonial claims to be resolved fairly with consideration for those who lived in them. However, the Treaty of Versailles did not take this into consideration which resulted in Germany being divided into two. Other territories were returned to their original owners, which created further unrest in Europe. Wilson felt the ideas and the concept of the League of Nations had been critically compromised by the exclusion of Germany and could efficiently deal with international problems.The U.S. Senate consequently opposed the adoption of the Treaty of Versailles and declined membership in the League of Nations. 90010 90077 90003 90079 90080 90003 90004 90005 90006 90007 90005 90006 90007 90008 Fourteen Points for kids — President Woodrow Wilson Video 90009 The article on the Fourteen Points provides detailed facts and a summary of one of the important events during his presidential term in office. The following Woodrow Wilson video will give you additional important facts and dates about the political events experienced by the 28th American President whose presidency spanned from March 4, 1913 to March 4, 1921.90010 90008 Fourteen Points Peace Speech 90010 90008 ● Interesting Facts about Fourteen Points for kids and schools 90009 ● Key events and Fourteen Points for kids 90009 ● The Fourteen Points, a major event in US history 90009 ● Woodrow Wilson Presidency from March 4, 1913 to March 4, 1921 90009 ● Fast, fun facts about the Fourteen Points speech 90009 ● Foreign & Domestic policies of President Woodrow Wilson 90009 ● Woodrow Wilson Presidency and speech on Fourteen Points for schools, homework, kids and children 90010 .90000 DCMA 14-Point Assessment, Project Schedule Quality Analysis 90001 90002 DCMA 14-point Schedule Assessment is a project management guideline established on 14 metrics that provide the possibility to make a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the schedule. It is a handbook developed by the Defense Contract Management Agency (DCMA) for the purposes of the defense industry. 90003 90002 Making an assessment of the schedule is essential for the phases of planning, monitoring and controlling.Therefore, these points are crucial for the health of the project schedule as they allow identifying and analyzing areas that are critical and can potentially create issues and obstruct the schedule. 90003 90002 90003 90008 90009 Which are the 14 metrics of the DCMA 14-Point Assessment? 90010 90011 90002 DCMA 14-point Schedule Assessment set of criteria was formed in 2005 and firstly it was used by the US Department of Defense. Since then it had become a guideline for schedule review which has been implemented in many project management software widely used in the aerospace and defense industry.90003 90002 The 14 metrics are not set as necessary rules or standards but more as measurable criteria that is advisable to be analyzed regularly during the planning, monitoring and controlling of the project schedule. Particularly, they are intended to indicate potential problems in the project schedule and, in the end, to ensure that the projects is managed towards success. 90003 90002 90017 90003 90002 The metrics that need to be followed and examined are the following: 90003 90021 90009 Logic 90010 90024 90002 The metric ‘Logic’ provides the possibility for measurement of the ‘%’ of incomplete tasks with no predecessors and / or successors, also called ‘dangling’ activities.For this metric, it is preferable that the number of unfinished activities missing predecessors and / or successors does not exceed 5%. 90003 90002 The best practice for avoiding incompleteness of tasks is ensuring that every task has at least one finish-to-start or start-to-start relation as its predecessor and at least one finish-to-start or finish-to-finish as its successor. This metric is important in investigating how project tasks are connected to each other and in assuring that no incomplete tasks affect the project schedule negatively.90003 90021 90009 Leads 90010 90024 90002 ‘Leads’ is the control criteria that helps measure the ‘%’ of tasks that have a negative lag between each other. In particular, the term designates the overlapping time between two activities in the project schedule. In other words, it indicates the exact time (days) that would be overlapped if a task starts a certain time before the finish date of its predecessor. 90003 90002 The leads in the schedule should equal to zero, therefore there should not be tasks with a negative lag between each other.If there is a part of the schedule, which could prove itself as a potential problem, the tasks in question should be decomposed into separate tasks. This metric can impede the critical path analysis, therefore it is preferable that is used within the limits. 90003 90021 90009 Lags 90010 90024 90002 The metric ‘Lags’ is the opposite of ‘Leads’. Specifically, it allows an evaluation of the ‘%’ of project activities that have a positive lag between each other. The metric actually indicates the time (hours / days) calculated when a certain activity starts after the finish date of its predecessor.90003 90002 The DCMA threshold for this metric is more flexible than the one for the Leads and it advises that the lags in the project schedule should not be greater than 5%. However, the excessive use of lags as well can cause an obstruction to the critical path analysis, therefore it is recommended that they are avoided. A good practice for this metric is to present activities with specific names rather than with an ‘X-days lag’. 90003 90021 90009 Relationship Types 90010 90024 90002 It is recommended that the 90% of the project schedule activities are of a finish-to-start type (FS).The finish-to-start type of relationship stands for ‘Activity A must be completed before activity B can begin’. This type of relationship between particular tasks is the foundation of the Waterfall method used in project management. 90003 90002 Finish-to-start relationship provides the most explicit presentation of the project schedule activities. The other types of relationships, which can be identified in a schedule, are finish-to-finish (FF), start-to-start (SS), and start-to-finish (SF). However, it is not recommendable for these to be used since they are harder to monitor and control.90003 90021 90009 Hard Constraints 90010 90024 90002 Under ‘Constraints’ in a project schedule are identified Hard Constraints (Mandatory Start and Mandatory Finish) and Soft Constraints (As Late As Possible, Start On, Start On or Before, Start On or After, Finish On, Finish On or Before and Finish On or After). 90003 90002 DCMA recommends 5% of the constraints used to be Hard Constraints because they can provoke problems in the schedule. Hard Constraints can prevent the schedule to be logic-driven and create negative lags.In other words, Hard Constraints should be avoided since they can obstruct the logic of flowing naturally. Soft Constraints, on the other hand, allow the schedule to be logic-driven and they are not critical to the schedule. 90003 90021 90009 High Float 90010 90024 90002 This metric measures the ‘%’ of unfinished tasks with total float greater than 44 working days. DCMA requires that the High Float activity does not exceed 44 working days, i.e. the percentage of total incomplete tasks does not exceed 5%.90003 90002 This metric represents the time (hours / days) that an activity can be delayed without affecting negatively the project milestones and / or the estimated time for project completion. A certain task with a total float that exceeds 44 working days could be a consequence of incomplete activities (predecessor / successor). 90003 90021 90009 Negative Float 90010 90024 90002 This metric is interconnected with Hard Constraints since it can indicate that Hard Constraints have been assigned to the schedule.When this happens, it is very much feasible that the project’s or milestones ‘completion is delayed. 90003 90002 DCMA threshold for this metric is zero, therefore it is required that regular checks and reviews of the project schedule are executed. The Negative Float, or Slack, should be avoided, and, if tasks with a large amount of negative float are noticed, they should be mitigated or otherwise, the risk for a missing project or milestones deadlines could arise. 90003 90021 90009 High Duration 90010 90024 90002 This metric provides the possibility to monitor and control the duration of tasks and it requires that no task should last longer than 44 working days.If it is detected that the percentage of incomplete tasks with duration beyond 44 days is above 5% it is preferable to examine if it is achievable to decompose them in distinct tasks. 90003 90002 Breaking down activities allows them to be measurable and controllable. Tasks with high duration can create obstacles in the project schedule and progress and can deform the critical path. 90003 90021 90009 Invalid Dates 90010 90024 90002 The metric for Invalid Dates analyses both forecast and actual dates of project activities.An activity is considered to have invalid dates if it has forecast start / finish dates in the past or actual start / finish dates in the future. More specifically, this metric refers to tasks with actual start / finish date after project status date and with start / finish date before project status date without an actual start / finish. 90003 90002 ‘Invalid dates’ is a very critical metric, therefore the goal is not to surpass 0%, i.e. tasks with invalid dates should not be present in the schedule. 90003 90021 90009 Resources 90010 90024 90002 The metric for ‘Resources’ is the most open-ended on the list.DCMA recommends that all project schedules are resource-loaded, but additionally, it allows some schedules to not include resources at all. 90003 90002 However, for those who are using this metric DCMA asks to not exceed the limit of 0%, i.e. to assign at least one resource (labor, cost and / equipment) to all activities included in the schedule so that a misbalance is avoided. 90003 90021 90009 Missed Tasks 90010 90024 90002 The metric for ‘Missed Tasks’ can cause or prevent the project to fall far behind.It assists in measuring the schedule performance in parallel to the baseline plan. Particularly, the number of missing tasks can indicate how well or badly the project schedule meets the baseline schedule. 90003 90002 The bad performance, i.e. the large amount of missed tasks can be a result of inadequate resourcing, poor planning or else. Consequently, DCMA holds that the number in question should not exceed 5% and if it gets critical, proper plans for correction are needed. 90003 90021 90009 Critical Path Test 90010 90024 90002 This test focusses on assessing the integrity of the schedule’s network logic.Firstly it is identified as a critical activity and its remaining duration. The next step is intentionally extending the duration of this activity for 600 days. The last step is recalculating the schedule dates and identifying if the date for completion of the project is extended for the same number of days applied to the critical activity. 90003 90002 The Critical Path Test is performed in order to inspect if these two numbers are proportional. In other words, if the project completion date is not delayed for the same amount of days (600 days) it means that somewhere in the schedule exists broken logic which may be a result of missing predecessor and / or successor activities.If this happens it is imperative to execute in-depth analysis of the project schedule. 90003 90021 90009 Critical Path Length Index (CPLI) 90010 90024 90002 The Critical Path Length Index (CPLI) presents the measure of the efficiency necessary for completing a milestone on assigned time. CPLI evaluates the integrity of the overall network logic and measures the ‘realism’ of completing a project successfully. 90003 90002 It is preferable that the CPLI equals 1.00, which means that the project must be completed within the planned time.A CPLI that is below 1.00 indicates that the project is inefficient, while a CPLI that is above 1.00 shows that the there is a schedule margin which means that the project may be finished earlier than planned. 90003 90021 90009 Baseline Execution Index (BEI) 90010 90024 90002 The Baseline Execution Index (BEI) test is a metric for evaluating schedule performance in parallel with the baseline plan but it focuses on the project’s team productivity in the process of executing activities. 90003 90002 Similarly as for the Critical Path Length Index (CPLI), DCMA for the Baseline Execution Index (BEI) test, the acceptable limit is 1.00, which indicates that the project team is performing well and according to plan. When BEI surpasses 1.00 it suggests that the team is performing ahead of schedule, while when it falls behind 1.00 it means that it is behind schedule. 90003 90133 90009 What are the benefits of DCMA 14-Point Assessment 90010 90011 90002 Although it is not considered an industry standard, DCMA 14 is a comprehensive set of guidelines for planning, managing and controlling project plans. 90003 90002 DCMA 14 check-points guarantee many benefits for the project schedule.Some of those are the following: 90003 90141 — Provide the possibility for a constant in-depth analysis of the schedule; 90003 90141 — Help to identify weak points in the schedule; 90003 90141 — Assist in designating potential problems around the project activities and in creating appropriate corrective plans; 90003 90141 — Assure that the project is managed and executed with success and on time. 90003 90008 90009 DCMA 14 Schedule Assessment in ScheduleReader PRO 90010 90011 90002 90154 90003 90002 90009 DCMA 14 Schedule Assessment in ScheduleReader PRO is presented as a one-page dashboard.90010 90003 90002 This functionality is designed to help users (Project Controls, Planners, Schedulers, Managers, Team Leads, Team Members and Stakeholders who view the plans in PDF or XLS) to improve the process of scheduling exchanging information. 90003 90002 The DCMA feature allows measuring the project progress, communicating more effectively with the project team, and customizing the reports according to user’s preferences. 90003 90002 Moreover offers the three benefits that are crucial for achieving project success, which are: 90003 90141 — The scheduling information is presented in a clear and concise and it can be easily understood and absorbed by every project participant.In addition, PMOs can help making business decisions in a reasonable time. 90003 90141 — DCMA 14 Schedule Assessment graphical reports are created with just one click. Additionally, the user can print the report for management meeting or create more complicated reports and then export it and share with other project participants or team members; 90003 90141 — Report’s components are changed quickly by any project participant or team member and every report is customized with less effort. 90003 .90000 Woodrow Wilson — The Fourteen Points 90001 90002 90003 90002 90003 90002 90007 Woodrow Wilson 90008 90003 90002 90007 90012 The Fourteen Points 90013 90008 90003 90002 delivered 8 January 1918 90003 90002 90003 90020 click for pdf click for flash 90003 90022 90003 90022 It will be our wish and purpose that the processes of peace, when they are begun, shall be absolutely open and that they shall involve and permit henceforth no secret understandings of any kind.The day of conquest and aggrandizement is gone by; so is also the day of secret covenants entered into in the interest of particular governments and likely at some unlooked-for moment to upset the peace of the world. It is this happy fact, now clear to the view of every public man whose thoughts do not still linger in an age that is dead and gone, which makes it possible for every nation whose purposes are consistent with justice and the peace of the world to avow nor or at any other time the objects it has in view.90003 90022 We entered this war because violations of right had occurred which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own people impossible unless they were corrected and the world secure once for all against their recurrence. What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression.All the peoples of the world are in effect partners in this interest, and for our own part we see very clearly that unless justice be done to others it will not be done to us. The program of the world’s peace, therefore, is our program; and that program, the only possible program, as we see it, is this: 90003 90022 I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.90003 90022 II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. 90003 90022 III. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.90003 90022 IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. 90003 90022 V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined.90003 90022 VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire.The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. 90003 90022 VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another.Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired. 90003 90022 VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. 90003 90022 IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.90003 90022 X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development. 90003 90022 XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into.90003 90022 XII. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. 90003 90022 XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant.90003 90022 XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. 90003 90022 In regard to these essential rectifications of wrong and assertions of right we feel ourselves to be intimate partners of all the governments and peoples associated together against the Imperialists. We can not be separated in interest or divided in purpose.We stand together until the end. 90003 90022 For such arrangements and covenants we are willing to fight and to continue to fight until they are achieved; but only because we wish the right to prevail and desire a just and stable peace such as can be secured only by removing the chief provocations to war, which this program does remove. We have no jealousy of German greatness, and there is nothing in this program that impairs it. We grudge her no achievement or distinction of learning or of pacific enterprise such as have made her record very bright an d very enviable.We do not wish to injure her or to block in any way her legitimate influence or power. We do not wish to fight her either with arms or with hostile arrangements of trade if she is willing to associate herself with us and the other peace-loving nations of the world in covenants of justice and law and fair dealing. We wish her only to accept a place of equality among the peoples of the world — the new world in which we now live — instead of a place of mastery.90003 90060 90061 90007 90063 Page Updated 90064: 2/26/17 90008 90003 90022 90063 U.S. Copyright Status 90064: 90007 Text and Image = Public domain. 90008 90003.